Pragmatics and Semantics
Many modern philosophical perspectives focus on semantics. For example, Brandom focuses on linguistic meaning (albeit from a pragmatist perspective).
Others adopt an approach that is more holistic to pragmatics, like relevance theory, which aims to explore how an utterance is understood by the hearer. However, this method tends to overlook other aspects of pragmatism, such as epistemic debates over truth.
What exactly is pragmatism?
Pragmatism provides a different perspective to continental philosophy and analytic philosophy. It was conceived by Charles Sanders Peirce and extended by his colleague and friend William James, and later developed by Josiah Royce. It had a profound effect on the areas of inquiry ranging from philosophy of theology to philosophy of science but also on ethics as well as philosophy of politics and language. The pragmatist tradition continues grow.
The pragmatic principle is at the heart of classical pragmatics. It is a principle that clarifies the meaning of hypotheses through their 'practical implications', or their implications for the experiences of specific situations. This leads to a distinctive epistemological outlook that is a type of 'inquiry-based epistemology' and an anti-Cartesian explanation of the norms that govern inquiry. Early pragmatists were divided over whether pragmatism was a science-based philosophy that was based on an ethos of truth (following Peirce) or a broad alethic pluralitism (James and Dewey).
How to comprehend knowledge is a central question for the pragmatists. Rorty is one pragmatist who is skeptical of notions of knowledge that are built on "immediate experiences". Others, like Peirce and James are skeptical of the theory of correspondence as a source of truth that holds that the most authentic beliefs are those that reflect reality 'correctly'.
Pragmatism also addresses the relationship between beliefs, reality and human rationality. It also focuses on the role of values and virtues as well as the meaning and purpose of our lives. Pragmatists have also developed a wide range of methods and ideas in areas such as semiotics and philosophy of language, philosophy of religion and ethics, philosophy of science, and theology. Some, like Peirce and Royce, are epistemological relativists. However, others argue that such relativism is completely wrong. The latter half of the 20th century saw the resurgence of interest in classical pragmatics. This resulted in a variety of new developments. They include the concept of a "near-side" pragmatics that is concerned with the resolution of ambiguity indexicals, demonstratives, and anaphors, as well as an "far-side" pragmatics which looks at the semantics in discourses.
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Semantics and Pragmatics are often seen as being on opposite sides of the continuum, with semantics on the close side and pragmatics on the other side. Carston, for instance, argues that contemporary pragmatics has at least three main lines: those who see it as a philosophy in the vein of Grice as well as those who are focused on its interaction with grammar and those who are concerned with the interpretation of utterances. Near-side pragmatics is believed include such issues as clarification of ambiguity or vagueness, reference to proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, anaphors and presupposition. It is also believed to encompass issues that involve definite descriptions.
What is the connection between semantics and pragmatics?
The study of pragmatics is the study and application of meanings in language within a context. It is a part of linguistics that studies the ways people employ language to convey various meanings. It is often compared to semantics, which studies the literal meaning of words within a sentence or broader chunk of conversation.
The relationship between pragmatism, semantics and their interrelationships is a complex one. The major distinction is that pragmatics takes into account different factors other than the literal meanings of words, such as the intended meaning and context that a statement was made. This lets a more naive understanding to be made of the meaning of a sentence. Semantics also focuses on the relationship between words while pragmatics concentrates more on the relationships between the interlocutors and their contextual features.
In recent years the neopragmatism movement been heavily focusing on metaphilosophy as well as the philosophy of language. This has mostly departed from the metaphysics of classical pragmatism as well as value theory. Neopragmatists are working on the development of an ethics of metaphysics based on ideas of classical pragmatism about practicality and experience.
Charles Sanders Peirce, William James and others were the first to develop classical pragmatics. Both were influential thinkers who published a number of books. Their works are still widely read today.
Although pragmatism can be considered an alternative to the dominant philosophical tradition of continental and analytic philosophy but it's not without its critics. Some philosophers, like have argued that deconstructionism is not a truly new philosophical approach and that pragmatism simply represents an expression.
In addition to these critics the pragmatism of the past was challenged by scientific and technical developments. For instance, pragmatists have struggled with reconciling their views on science with the the theory of evolution which was conceived by Richard Dawkins, a non-pragmatist.
Despite these challenges, the pragmatism continues its growth in its popularity throughout the world. It is a third alternative to Continental and analytic philosophical traditions, and has many practical applications. It is a rapidly growing field of study. Numerous schools of thought have developed and incorporated aspects of pragmatism within their own philosophy. Whether you are interested in learning more about pragmatism, or applying it in your day-to-day life, there are plenty of resources available.